Overview
This Contract and Procurement Management unit will equip you with the knowledge, skills, and techniques required for acquiring external products, results, and services to meet the needs of the company and to achieve the project goals. It also offers you the opportunity to identify, apply, and develop different negotiation strategies as well as assessing and responding to the potential risks encountered during the procurement. You will study contract types, procurement standards, legal and ethical aspects of commercial contracts as well as project tendering and awarding. On successful completion of this unit, you will have the capacity to apply the appropriate practices for managing contracts, conflicts, delays, claim, and disputes.
Details
Pre-requisites or Co-requisites
Co- requisites: PPMP20007
Important note: Students enrolled in a subsequent unit who failed their pre-requisite unit, should drop the subsequent unit before the census date or within 10 working days of Fail grade notification. Students who do not drop the unit in this timeframe cannot later drop the unit without academic and financial liability. See details in the Assessment Policy and Procedure (Higher Education Coursework).
Offerings For Term 1 - 2024
Attendance Requirements
All on-campus students are expected to attend scheduled classes – in some units, these classes are identified as a mandatory (pass/fail) component and attendance is compulsory. International students, on a student visa, must maintain a full time study load and meet both attendance and academic progress requirements in each study period (satisfactory attendance for International students is defined as maintaining at least an 80% attendance record).
Recommended Student Time Commitment
Each 6-credit Postgraduate unit at CQUniversity requires an overall time commitment of an average of 12.5 hours of study per week, making a total of 150 hours for the unit.
Class Timetable
Assessment Overview
Assessment Grading
This is a graded unit: your overall grade will be calculated from the marks or grades for each assessment task, based on the relative weightings shown in the table above. You must obtain an overall mark for the unit of at least 50%, or an overall grade of 'pass' in order to pass the unit. If any 'pass/fail' tasks are shown in the table above they must also be completed successfully ('pass' grade). You must also meet any minimum mark requirements specified for a particular assessment task, as detailed in the 'assessment task' section (note that in some instances, the minimum mark for a task may be greater than 50%). Consult the University's Grades and Results Policy for more details of interim results and final grades.
All University policies are available on the CQUniversity Policy site.
You may wish to view these policies:
- Grades and Results Policy
- Assessment Policy and Procedure (Higher Education Coursework)
- Review of Grade Procedure
- Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure
- Monitoring Academic Progress (MAP) Policy and Procedure - Domestic Students
- Monitoring Academic Progress (MAP) Policy and Procedure - International Students
- Student Refund and Credit Balance Policy and Procedure
- Student Feedback - Compliments and Complaints Policy and Procedure
- Information and Communications Technology Acceptable Use Policy and Procedure
This list is not an exhaustive list of all University policies. The full list of University policies are available on the CQUniversity Policy site.
Feedback, Recommendations and Responses
Every unit is reviewed for enhancement each year. At the most recent review, the following staff and student feedback items were identified and recommendations were made.
Feedback from Student evaluation
Learning from this unit was a good experience. Instructions, guidelines and teaching from the unit coordinator and tutor was good.
The teaching team will continue to provide outstanding academic support for the students and give them a better education and learning experience at CQU.
Feedback from Student evaluation
Very supportive and great skills to communicate.
This practice will be continued with a continuous improvement goal for more effective communication.
Feedback from Student evaluation
When it came to reviewing a submitted assessment or class task, some students believed that more attention and focus response time to emails could have been more timely.
The teaching staff, including the Unit Coordinator, will reply to students' queries and give them sufficient feedback on time in the future.
Feedback from Teaching team
There was a peer assessment practice item on Moodle. However, most of the students did not practice enough, which impacted their submissions and gradings.
The peer assessment practice session must be continued. The unit coordinator can make a video on how to do the peer assessment. The tutors can have a session or a part of a session where students will practice the peer assessment tasks in the tutorial session.
- Demonstrate an integrative understanding of the key theories and concepts underpinning buyer-contractor relationships as well as the concepts of project contracts and procurement standards
- Analyse different commercial negotiation strategies and demonstrate an ability to creatively negotiate project plans, conflicts, delays, and incentives in commercial projects
- Employ risk management planning and identification and assess the risk encountered over the procurement process
- Negotiate and analyse the principles of tendering, pricing and awarding techniques and to utilise the negotiation approaches in commercial contracts
- Evaluate and develop clear legal, financial and technical components of project contracts
- Develop a project budget and an expenditure forecast as control mechanisms and link time, cost and resources to the project framework.
Alignment of Assessment Tasks to Learning Outcomes
Assessment Tasks | Learning Outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
1 - Online Quiz(zes) - 10% | ||||||
2 - Practical Assessment - 40% | ||||||
3 - Group Work - 50% |
Alignment of Graduate Attributes to Learning Outcomes
Graduate Attributes | Learning Outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
1 - Knowledge | ||||||
2 - Communication | ||||||
3 - Cognitive, technical and creative skills | ||||||
4 - Research | ||||||
5 - Self-management | ||||||
6 - Ethical and Professional Responsibility | ||||||
7 - Leadership | ||||||
8 - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultures |
Alignment of Assessment Tasks to Graduate Attributes
Assessment Tasks | Graduate Attributes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
1 - Online Quiz(zes) - 10% | ||||||||
2 - Practical Assessment - 40% | ||||||||
3 - Group Work - 50% |
Textbooks
There are no required textbooks.
IT Resources
- CQUniversity Student Email
- Internet
- Unit Website (Moodle)
- CQUniversity Library Resources
- Students are requested to join the Project Management Institute (PMI) and be a member of the PMI to download the materials.
- E-reading List
- Online databases e.g. Emerald and ScienceDirect) for journal articles
All submissions for this unit must use the referencing style: Harvard (author-date)
For further information, see the Assessment Tasks.
a.memari@cqu.edu.au
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction to procurement
- Value for money (VFM)
- Procurement management plan
- Procurement strategies
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 1
- Icebreaker activity
- Overview of the unit
- Overview of assessments
- Introduction to the procurement plan
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction to procurement routes
- Selection criteria for procurement routes
- Design-Bid-Build (DBB) route
- Design-Build (Integrated) route
- Management (Packaged) route
- Comparison of procurement routes
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 2
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 1 Part A - released
Module/Topic
Outline
- Multi Prime Contracting
- Design Sequencing
- Public-Private Partnerships
- Alliancing and Joint Ventures
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 3
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 1 Part A - discussion
- Assessment 3 - group formations commence
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction to contracts and contract law
- Contracting strategies
- Fixed-price contracts
- Cost reimbursable contracts
- Change orders in contracts
- Client-contractor relationships
- Risks in contracting
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 4
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
Module/Topic
Outline
- Contract cost estimation
- Cost estimation methods
- Factors affecting the cost estimates
- Project budgeting
- Elements of project budget
- Developing project budget
- Evaluating project budget
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 5
- Case studies and exercises
- Assessment 3 - released
- Assessment 3 - group formations finalised
Module/Topic
Mid-term break
Chapter
Events and Submissions/Topic
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction and principles of negotiation
- Process and structure of negotiation
- Effective negotiation (BATNA and ZOPA)
- Negotiation strategies
- Conflict resolution through negotiation
- Negotiating with powerful suppliers
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 1 Part B - discussion
Module/Topic
Outline
- Main risks in procurement
- Managing procurement risks
- Risk management plan
- Identifying procurement risks
- Assessing and analysing procurement risks
- Controlling and mitigating procurement risks
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 7
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 1 Part A - due this week
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction to tendering
- Tendering and bidding process
- Invitation for tenders
- Submission and opening of bids
- Technical and financial evaluation of bids
- Assessment of best-combined offer
- Contract awarding
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 8
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 2 - Online quiz discussion
- Assessment 1 Part B - due this week
Module/Topic
Outline
- Change orders (variations)
- Development of change orders
- Sources of claims
- Development of claims
- Minimising claims
- Causes of disputes
- Dispute resolution methods
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 9
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 2 - In-class online quiz held this week
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction to outsourcing
- Benefits of outsourcing
- Problems with outsourcing
- Types of outsourcing
- Supply matrix and strategies
- Risks in outsourcing
- Ethics in outsourcing
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 10
- Case studies and exercises
- Illustrative material and videos
- Assessment 3 - Q&A
Module/Topic
Outline
- Ethics in procurement
- Ethical principles in procurement
- Types of unethical behaviours
- Ethical issues during procurement stages
- Ethical issues in contract management
- Spiral of ethical risks
- Detection and prevention of unethical practices
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 11
- Assessment 3B - Oral presentations commence
- The oral presentation will be given in the tutorial classes based on the agreed schedule.
Module/Topic
Outline
- Introduction to sustainable procurement
- Principles of procuring sustainability
- Concepts in sustainable development
- Benefits of sustainable procurement
- Policy Context of the Australian Government
Chapter
Readings
- To be provided on the Moodle website
Events and Submissions/Topic
Tutorial 12
- Assessment 3B - Oral presentations continue
- Assessment 3A written group assessment due end of week 12
Module/Topic
Chapter
Events and Submissions/Topic
Module/Topic
Chapter
Events and Submissions/Topic
Notes:
- During the teaching Weeks in Term 1, there are three nationally observed public holidays and some local holidays that would impact on the the schedules of some lectures and/or tutorials.
-
- Nationally observed public holidays - Good Friday on Friday 29 March 2024, Easter Monday on Monday 1 April 2024 and Anzac Day on Thursday 25 April 2024.
- Local holiday details will be announced by the university or the relevant campuses and some details are available from the CQU Academic Calendar.
- Any classes scheduled on a holiday will need to be rescheduled to another day. The alternative arrangements will be provided to students during the Term.
- Some States and Territories within Australia observe the Australian Daylight-Saving Time (DST). Daylight saving is ended on Sunday 7 April 2024 in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory while it is not observed in Queensland, Western Australia or the Northern Territory. In Term 1, untill Sunday 7 April 2024, Sydney and Melbourne students or any students enrolled from the DST observing parts of Australia (Australian Eastern Daylight Time - AEDT) are one hour ahead of Queensland (observing the Australian Eastern Standard Time - AEST). This could be reflected in Moodle and other systems you use. All students, please check for the correct times depending on your location.
- This Unit does not allow the use of AI tools such as ChatGPT or other unauthorised online tools/methods to complete assessments. Please ensure complying with the University policies and procedures relating to academic integrity.
Communication protocols:
- Please contact your local lecturers and tutors as your first point of contact for any concerns. You can contact the Unit Coordinator at a.memari@cqu.edu.au for any further concerns. Your emails will be answered within 24 - 48 hours by all relevant staff.
- Please allow for reasonable hours of communication - E.g. staff members are not expected to be available during late night.
- Students must use their CQU student email accounts to communicate with staff and other students to ensure priority and for privacy/cyber security. Using personal email addresses may result in your emails getting blocked by firewalls or getting into junk folders and not being viewed by staff.
1 Practical Assessment
This is an individual assignment comprising two parts:
- Part A (30%): You are required to submit an anonymised written report responding to the specific tasks; and
- Part B (10%): Represents a “peer assessment” report evaluating your peers' submission. Marks will be awarded based on the quality of your evaluation.
The assessment contains descriptions and the scope of work for a multi-component real-world case study. The case study and assessment requirements will be provided on the unit Moodle website.
Part A: You are required to submit a written report considering the followings:
- Critically analyse the case study and propose the most suitable procurement route for two (2) subcontract packages of your choice. The characteristics of the client, constraints, conditions, and available resources for each sub-project will be given.
- Justify the proposed procurement route for the packages and explain why this route is the most suitable to make the project successful.
- Propose the most suitable contract type for 2 subcontract packages for parties involved to complement the procurement strategy of the main contract.
- Discuss the associated risks and the key components which must be covered in the selected subcontracts.
- For one subcontract package, develop a hypothetical budget and an expenditure forecast as control mechanisms.
- Your report should evidence your understanding of the chosen procurement options in the context of the project, the program, and the main contract procurement strategy.
Part B: The peer assessment aims to enhance your understanding and allows you to learn from this assessment by exchanging knowledge with your peers considering the followings:
- You are required to evaluate 3 (THREE) submissions by your peers, which will be randomly and anonymously assigned to you.
- You will be asked to submit your evaluation reports along with your constructive feedback and comments.
- You will evaluate the submissions based on the assessment criteria and using the marking tool provided.
- Your evaluation will be checked and moderated to ensure the quality of the feedback and the peer assessment.
- Failing to submit the evaluation report by the deadline will result in zero (0) marks for this part.
Assessment 1: Part A (Individual Written Report) Due: Friday Week 7 and Part B (Individual Peer Assessment Report) Due: Friday Week 8
Assessment marks will be released by the end of week 9
Your assignment will be assessed based on the extent and quality to which it meets each of the following criteria:
Assessment criteria – Part A - Written Report: Peer evaluation: 10%, tutor evaluation: 20% of term marks
- The introduction clearly defines the aims of the report and identifies the sub-project objectives, explaining how the recommendations ensure value for money (1.5 marks)
- Characteristics of the project and subprojects are aligned with appropriate selection criteria to be considered for the best procurement strategy (3 marks)
- The chosen procurement strategy aligns with the needs of the chosen subprojects, and is reflected in a number of subproject aspects (7.5 marks)
- The proposed contract type for each sub-project is appropriate, and their contribution towards project success is explained. (7.5 marks)
- Identification, analysis and impact of the risks associated with the proposed contract types for each sub-project for both the owner and the contractor are listed (3 marks)
- A budgetary estimate for one (1) of the sub-projects is provided by listing main expense heads including assumptions (3 marks)
- A well structured closing statement is provided (min 150 words) summarizing the main points discussed and stating a personal conclusion (1.5 marks)
- Clarity of expression, grammar, spellings and references provided (3 marks)
Assessment criteria – Part B - Evaluation of the peer assessment: Peer evaluation: 5%, tutor evaluation: 5% of term marks
- Introduction:
- Evaluate the stated aim and understanding of project objectives (1 mark).
- Provide meaningful comments on the Value for Money (VFM) statement in the introduction (0.5 marks). - Selection Criteria and Subcontract Types:
- Assess the proposed mapping of selection criteria against subcontract types (1 mark). - Sub-Project Strategies and Contract Types:
- Evaluate chosen sub-project strategies and their reasons (1.5 marks).
- Review proposed contract types and their explanations (1.5 marks). - Risk Analysis and Mitigation:
- Provide relevant comments on identified risks, the risk analysis matrix, and evaluate the proposed risk mitigation actions (1.5 marks). - Estimating Technique and Cost Items:
Comment on the appropriateness of the estimating technique and assess the realism of the list of cost items (1.5 marks). - Report Summary and Conclusion:
- Evaluate the report summary and the author's conclusion (1 mark). - Format and Referencing:
- Identify areas for improvement in the report format and referencing technique (0.5 marks).
- Knowledge
- Communication
- Cognitive, technical and creative skills
- Research
- Demonstrate an integrative understanding of the key theories and concepts underpinning buyer-contractor relationships as well as the concepts of project contracts and procurement standards
- Analyse different commercial negotiation strategies and demonstrate an ability to creatively negotiate project plans, conflicts, delays, and incentives in commercial projects
- Evaluate and develop clear legal, financial and technical components of project contracts
- Develop a project budget and an expenditure forecast as control mechanisms and link time, cost and resources to the project framework.
2 Online Quiz(zes)
This assessment item involves an online quiz which is worth 10% of the unit marks. The quiz will evaluate your knowledge and understanding of topics covering this assessment's learning outcomes.
- Only one attempt will be allowed.
- The quiz will consist of 20 questions.
- There will be a time limit of 30 minutes to complete the quiz.
- If the quiz is not submitted within 30 minutes, it will automatically be submitted after your attempt expires.
- The online quiz will be held in class during tutorial classes in Week 9.
- On-campus students must attend their tutorial class in Week 9 to complete the quiz whereas online students will be given a specific timeframe to complete the quiz.
- The online quiz will consist of multiple-choice questions which will be randomly selected from a pool of questions from the related topics.
- The online quiz will cover the content from the lectures, tutorials, and recommended reading material.
1
Marks will be released after online quiz has been closed.
- Each question will carry equal marks, and there are no penalties for incorrect answers.
- The online quiz will be marked by the Moodle computer program upon submission.
- Knowledge
- Cognitive, technical and creative skills
- Self-management
- Ethical and Professional Responsibility
- Analyse different commercial negotiation strategies and demonstrate an ability to creatively negotiate project plans, conflicts, delays, and incentives in commercial projects
- Employ risk management planning and identification and assess the risk encountered over the procurement process
- Negotiate and analyse the principles of tendering, pricing and awarding techniques and to utilise the negotiation approaches in commercial contracts
3 Group Work
This is a group assignment comprising two parts:
- Part A (35%): You are required to submit a critical analysis report responding to the specific tasks about a real-life case study.
- Part B (15%): You are also required to give an oral presentation on your critical analysis report.
Groups will be randomly formed by the unit coordinator and each group will consist of 3-4 members. A randomly formed group is part of this assessment to work in a new team and develop interpersonal and communication skills. The assessment will be based on a real-life case study (project) along with the description and scope of the work involved. The assessment specifications and information about the case study will be provided on the unit Moodle website.
Part A (35%): Critical Analysis Report:
You need to investigate and critically analyse a real-life case study by applying the knowledge gained throughout the term. The layout of the critical analysis report will be provided as part of the assessment documents. The tasks each group will undertake are:
- Understanding and analysis of the case study and applying the concepts of contract and procurement strategies.
- Mapping the factors and characteristics of the case study with the factors to be considered for the best procurement strategy.
- Analysis and evaluation of the procurement routes which include a detailed description of why specific routes were selected.
- Analysis and evaluation of the contract types which include a detailed description of why specific contract types were selected.
- Identification, analysis, assessment, and mitigation of the risks associated with the case study.
- Analysis of the tendering process, the pricing, and the negotiation approaches used.
- Evaluation of legal, financial, and technical components of project contracts.
- Understanding of the application of ethics in procurement relevant to the case study.
- Clarity of expression, language, format, presentation, in-text citations, and references.
Important notes:
- The report should contain around 4000 words +- 5% (excluding title page and references).
- Marks will be deducted for the reports exceeding the word limit by more than 5%.
- You need to discuss your progress every week with your tutor.
- Only one member of the group will submit the critical analysis report.
- Group members will be awarded the same marks for the critical analysis report.
Part B (15%): Presentation
You will give a presentation on key aspects of your critical analysis report. The presentation will give each individual team member a chance to reflect on his/her acquired knowledge and experiences throughout the teamwork and studying the unit while practicing good presentation and communication skills. All team members must attend and present an equal portion of work. Presentations should be seen as formative assessments, and comments made can be used to finalise the written assessment.
- Presentations will be held during the Week 11 and 12 tutorial classes.
- The presentation should cover all aspects of the report in no more than 15 content slides.
- Too early and late finishes of the presentation result in reduced marks.
- Presentations will be graded individually.
- The duration of the presentation must be between 14-16 minutes followed by 5 minutes of questions and answers.
- If a student is absent from the presentation, he/she will be marked zero (0/15) for the presentation although he/she has submitted the PowerPoint slides.
Assignment marks will be released on the day of confirmation of grades
The report will be assessed based on the quality of the work presented, the details, and the coherent analysis with the proper justifications of the proposed procurement routes, contract types, and the associated risks. Your submission should extend beyond the unit material and you are required to use online resources and any additional relevant information. The report will be assessed according to the following criteria:
Part A (35%): Critical Analysis Report
- 2 Benefits of the partnering approach are given and explained in the context of the project (6 marks)
- The consortium approach is analysed, 2 benefits are identified and explained in the context of the project (6 marks)
- 2 examples of procurement risk from the case study are given and explained in the context of the project (5 marks)
- 2 examples from the case study are given that clearly demonstrate the benefits of NEC in risk management (5 marks)
- The alternative strategic procurement model is clearly articulated using a schematic diagram (4 marks)
- The alternative procurement strategy is described in a way that demonstrates understanding of strategic procurement principles (4 marks)
- One stand-alone NEC contract format is proposed for a chosen 'Work package' and reasons are stated (5 marks)
Part B (15%): Oral presentation:
- Students describe the procurement strategy used in the case study in a way that demonstrates understanding of strategic procurement principles (3 marks)
- Reasons given for the strategy used stand up to scrutiny and questions are answered in an meaningful way (3 marks)
- Students explain their alternative procurement strategy in a way that demonstrates understanding of strategic procurement principles (3 marks)
- Reasons given for the proposed alternative stand up to scrutiny and questions are answered in an meaningful way (3 marks)
- Reasons given for the choice of the proposed stand-alone NEC contract stand up to scrutiny and questions are answered in an meaningful way (3 marks)
- Knowledge
- Cognitive, technical and creative skills
- Self-management
- Ethical and Professional Responsibility
- Leadership
- Demonstrate an integrative understanding of the key theories and concepts underpinning buyer-contractor relationships as well as the concepts of project contracts and procurement standards
- Employ risk management planning and identification and assess the risk encountered over the procurement process
- Negotiate and analyse the principles of tendering, pricing and awarding techniques and to utilise the negotiation approaches in commercial contracts
- Evaluate and develop clear legal, financial and technical components of project contracts
- Develop a project budget and an expenditure forecast as control mechanisms and link time, cost and resources to the project framework.
As a CQUniversity student you are expected to act honestly in all aspects of your academic work.
Any assessable work undertaken or submitted for review or assessment must be your own work. Assessable work is any type of work you do to meet the assessment requirements in the unit, including draft work submitted for review and feedback and final work to be assessed.
When you use the ideas, words or data of others in your assessment, you must thoroughly and clearly acknowledge the source of this information by using the correct referencing style for your unit. Using others’ work without proper acknowledgement may be considered a form of intellectual dishonesty.
Participating honestly, respectfully, responsibly, and fairly in your university study ensures the CQUniversity qualification you earn will be valued as a true indication of your individual academic achievement and will continue to receive the respect and recognition it deserves.
As a student, you are responsible for reading and following CQUniversity’s policies, including the Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure. This policy sets out CQUniversity’s expectations of you to act with integrity, examples of academic integrity breaches to avoid, the processes used to address alleged breaches of academic integrity, and potential penalties.
What is a breach of academic integrity?
A breach of academic integrity includes but is not limited to plagiarism, self-plagiarism, collusion, cheating, contract cheating, and academic misconduct. The Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure defines what these terms mean and gives examples.
Why is academic integrity important?
A breach of academic integrity may result in one or more penalties, including suspension or even expulsion from the University. It can also have negative implications for student visas and future enrolment at CQUniversity or elsewhere. Students who engage in contract cheating also risk being blackmailed by contract cheating services.
Where can I get assistance?
For academic advice and guidance, the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) can support you in becoming confident in completing assessments with integrity and of high standard.
What can you do to act with integrity?
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