Aim
The aim of this assessment is for you to examine primary health care influences and demonstrate your understanding of factors that impact community health outcomes. To achieve this aim, you are to engage with the weekly unit materials and tutorials from weeks/modules 1-5. The resources provided during these weeks will help you develop this assessment task.

Introductions to the Task
In modules 1-5, you examined the principles of primary health care (PHC), the social determinants of health, and the concepts of equity and inequality in health care. You also identified health literacy principles, health promotion and illness prevention. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021), investment in PHC improves health outcomes, access and equity in health care and health care performance. A strategy used to strengthen global PHC is research and innovation (WHO, 2021). Primary health care provides health services to individuals, families or communities regardless of location or socio-economic status. The World WHO and member states' commitment to primary health care improves equity, access and positive outcomes for users.

Part 1
On 20th January 2025, the United States of America (USA) announced its withdrawal from the WHO due to a claim that the WHO mishandled the COVID-19 pandemic (Yazdi-Feyzabadi et al., 2025). This withdrawal will potentially take effect in 2026 if no reversal occurs. There was a similar withdrawal attempt on 6th July 2020; it did not eventuate. The USA is the most significant financial contributor to the WHO, and this funding is voluntary. The USA contributed $1.284 billion to the WHO in the 2022-2023 biennium to enable countries to respond to emergencies and help stop the spread of diseases globally (WHO, 2024).

Part 2
A grassroots innovation, 'Health Kiosk' is helping vulnerable populations bridge the gap between health literacy and health outcomes for a Belgian city's individuals, families and communities (Masquillier et al., 2023). This study integrates aspects of primary health care services into a practical situation. 'Health Kiosk' links health, health literacy and health outcomes to connect real people to primary health care services within the community. This strategy is an innovation that seeks to promote health outcomes for some of the vulnerable population groups in the community.

Instructions
Please follow the steps below to complete the two parts of your assessment task:

1.    Provide a brief introduction outlining the aim of your assessment (approximately 150 words).

2.    Read the Gostin et al. (2020) article, USA withdrawal from the WHO is unlawful and threatens global and USA health and security. See full reference below.

a.    Discuss four (4) implications of this potential withdrawal on delivering primary health care (PHC) in Australia (300 words).

3.    Read Masquillier et al. (2023) article, development and implementation of a community health literacy hub, 'Health Kiosk' – A grassroots innovation. See full reference below.

a.    Discuss the possible impact of the activities at the 'Health Kiosk' on the community's health outcomes (300 words).

b.    Explain how the ‘Health Kiosk’ may promote community access to primary health care (300 words).

4.    Provide a concise conclusion summarising the main concepts in your assessment (approximately 150 words).

References
Gostin, L. O., Koh, H. H., Williams, M., Hamburg, M. A., Benjamin, G., Foege, W. H., Davidson, P., Bradley, E. H., Barry, M., Koplan, J. P., Periago, M. F. R., El Sadr, W., Kurth, A., Vermund, S. H., & Kavanagh, M. M. (2020). US withdrawal from WHO is unlawful and threatens global and US health and security. The Lancet (British Edition), 396(10247), 293–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31527-0

Masquillier, C., Van Royen, K., Van Pelt, P., Onsea, D., & Bastiaens, H. (2023). Development and implementation of a community health literacy hub, ‘Health Kiosk’-A grassroots innovation. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1069255–1069255. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1069255

Literature and References
In this assessment, use at least 10 contemporary references (seven years or less) to support your discussion. You may also use seminal scholarly literature where relevant. Suitable references include peer-reviewed journal articles as well as textbooks and credible websites. When sourcing information, consider the five elements of a quality reference: currency, authority, relevance, objectivity, and coverage. Grey literature sourced from the internet must be from reputable websites such as government, universities, or national peak bodies, for example, the Australian College of Nursing, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Note that websites such as StatPearls, Life in the Fastlane, and Wikipedia are not suitable for this assessment task. Lecture notes are not primary sources of evidence and should not be used in this assessment. All resources, other than web pages and grey literature, must be sources from the CQUniversity library.

Requirements
·         Use a cover page for your assignment that includes the following order:

·         Student name

·         Student number

·         Unit code and name

·         Assessment type

·         Due date

·         In-text word count

·         Centred

·         Use of Gen AI: Gen AI agent XX has been used for editing and proofreading this assessment (insert or delete as applicable).

·         Use a conventional and legible size 12 font, such as Times New Roman, with double line spacing and 2.54cm page margins (standard pre-set margin in Microsoft Word).

·         Include page numbers on the top right side of each page in a header.

·         Indent the first line of each paragraph 1.27cm (standard pre-set indent in Microsoft Word).

·         An introduction and conclusion are required for this assessment.

·         All questions in the Instructions of this assessment must be attempted and clearly answered to pass this assessment task.

·         Write in the third-person perspective. 

·         Use formal academic, discipline-specific, professional and inclusive language.

·         Use Microsoft Word English (Australia) spelling and grammar checker.

·         Paraphrase, summarise or quote information acknowledging the original source (referencing) to avoid plagiarism.

·         Use essay structure.

·         Headings, bullet points, tables and appendices are not to be used in this assessment.

·         Follow academic writing conventions: spell out contractions in full; introduce abbreviations and acronyms; spell out numbers for zero through nine and use numerals for numbers 10 and above.

·         All work submitted must be your own work.

·         Start your reference list on a separate page from the body of your assessment.

·         Use the seventh edition American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. The CQUniversity Academic Learning Centre has an online APA Referencing Style Guide.

·         The word count is considered from the first word of the introduction to the last word of the conclusion. The word count excludes the reference list but includes in-text references and direct quotations.

Resources
·         You can use unit-provided materials and other credible sources (e.g., journal articles, books) to reference your argument. The quality and credibility of your sources are important. Please note, lecture notes are not peer-reviewed primary sources of evidence.

·         We recommend that you access your discipline-specific Nursing Resource Guide  

·         You may like to manage your citations and reference list. Information on how to use academic referencing software (EndNote) is available at the CQUniversity Library website, should you wish to learn how to use it.

·         For information on academic writing and referencing, please go to the Academic Learning Centre Moodle site. The Academic Communication section has many helpful resources, including information for students with English as a second language.

·         You may wish to submit a draft to Studiosity.

·         Submit at least one draft before the due date to review your Turnitin Similarity Score before making a final submission. Instructions are available here. Please remember, the similarity score is only a matching tool, and the score alone does not necessarily indicate or eliminate the presence of plagiarism.

Academic Integrity

1.    You must abide by the principles of academic integrity (see Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure). Completion of this assessment with another party or sharing of responses is not permitted at any time.

2.    The use of any generative artificial intelligence is permitted as per Level 2 (AI planning) and Level 3 (AI Collaboration) AI Assessment scale tool indicators:

a.    Gen AI content is used to generate ideas and general structures.

b.    Gen AI content editing.

c.    Checking spelling and grammar.

d.    CQUniversity’s Gen AI tools approved for use in this assessment are Microsoft Copilot (protected version), Studiosity and Grammarly.

3.    Any use of Gen AI software:

a.    Must be cited in the relevant sections.

b.    Must be referenced as per APA 7th guidelines.

c.    You must complete the declaration of Gen AI use on the title page of your assessment.

Submission
Submit your assessment via the unit Moodle site in Microsoft Word format only.

Late penalties of 5% per day of the available mark may be applied as per the Assessment Policy and Procedure (Higher Education Coursework). The 72-hour grace period applies to this assessment.

Contact TaSAC if you experience technical issues submitting your assessment:

·         Phone toll-free 1300 666 620

·         Email tasac@cqu.edu.au

Marking Criteria
Refer to the marking rubric on the unit Moodle site for more details on how marks will be assigned. Assessment re-attempt is not available for this Assessment task.

Minimum Pass Criteria
·         You must achieve a cumulative grade of at least 49.5% across all assessments to pass this unit.

·         In order for a supplementary assessment to be considered, all assessment tasks must be reasonably attempted in this unit.

Please refer to the unit Moodle site for the assessment criteria.

Aim
The aim of this assessment is for you to demonstrate your knowledge of health literacy, health inequities, the public health service of immunisation to improve community health outcomes and the role of health professionals in delivering primary health care services to promote health outcomes for individuals, families and communities.

Instructions
Please follow the steps below to complete this assessment task.

·         You are writing an academic essay.

·         Read the case study below, and using the conversation guide on SKAI or https://skai.org.au/healthcare-professionals, relevant peer-reviewed literature and materials in modules 1–9, answer the following three questions:

1.    Discuss the tips to guide the immunisation conversations you would provide to the parents stated above (approximately 550 words).

2.    Nurses are important in promoting and delivering immunisation programs to individuals, families and communities. Describe the role of registered nurses in promoting and delivering immunisation programs as part of the primary health care to communities. Provide an example of a vaccination strategy that has made an impact other than SKAI (approximately 400 words).

3.    Explain the interplay between health literacy, health inequities and health outcomes in any Australian healthcare context (approximately 550 words).

Case Study
The National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance in Australia (NCIRS) made a media release on 14th December 2023 on the declining vaccination coverage among Australian children. See media release here or https://ncirs.org.au/vaccination-coverage-children-continues-decline-following-easing-pandemic-related-restrictions

One strategy to address declining childhood vaccination coverage is the creation of a sharing knowledge about immunisation (SKAI) in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders. You are a registered nurse working in the SKAI team, and you are required to talk with parents who are hesitant to vaccinate their children.

Literature and References
In this assessment, use at least 12 contemporary references (seven years or less) sourced from the CQUniversity library to support your discussion. You may also use seminal scholarly literature where relevant. Suitable references include peer-reviewed journal articles as well as textbooks and credible websites. When sourcing information, consider the five elements of a quality reference: currency, authority, relevance, objectivity, and coverage. Grey literature sourced from the internet must be from reputable websites such as government, universities, or national peak bodies, for example, the Australian College of Nursing, the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Note that websites such as StatPearls, Life in the Fastlane, and Wikipedia are not suitable for this assessment task. Lecture notes are not primary sources of evidence and should not be used in this assessment.

Requirements
·         Use a cover page for your assignment that includes the following order:

·         Student name

·         Student number

·         Unit code and name

·         Assessment type

·         Due date

·         In-text word count

·         Centred

·         Use of Gen AI: Gen AI agent XX has been used for editing and proofreading this assessment (insert or delete as applicable).

·         Use a conventional and legible size 12 font, such as Times New Roman, with double line spacing and 2.54cm page margins (standard pre-set margin in Microsoft Word).

·         Include page numbers on the top right side of each page in a header.

·         Indent the first line of each paragraph 1.27cm (standard pre-set indent in Microsoft Word).

·         An introduction and conclusion are not required for this assessment.

·         All questions in the instructions of this assessment must be attempted and clearly answered to pass this assessment task.

·         Write in the third-person perspective.

·         Use formal academic, discipline-specific, professional and inclusive language.

·         Use Microsoft Word English (Australia) spelling and grammar checker.

·         Paraphrase, summarise or quote information acknowledging the original source (referencing) to avoid plagiarism.

·         Use essay structure.

·         Bullet points, tables and appendices are not to be used in this assessment.

·         Follow academic writing conventions: spell out contractions in full; introduce abbreviations and acronyms; spell out numbers for zero through nine and use numerals for numbers 10 and above.

·         All work submitted must be your own work.

·         Start your reference list on a separate page from the body of your assessment.

·         Use the seventh edition American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. The CQUniversity Academic Learning Centre has an online APA Referencing Style Guide.

·         The word count is considered from the first task to the last word of the last task. The word count excludes the reference list but includes in-text references and direct quotations.

Resources
·         You can use unit-provided materials and other credible sources (e.g., journal articles and books) to reference your argument. The quality and credibility of your sources are important. Please note that lecture notes are not peer-reviewed primary sources of evidence.

·         We recommend that you access your discipline-specific Nursing Resource Guide. 

·         You may like to manage your citations and reference list. Information on how to use academic referencing software (EndNote) is available at the CQUniversity Library website, should you wish to learn how to use it.

·         For information on academic writing and referencing, please visit the Academic Learning Centre Moodle site. The Academic Communication section has many helpful resources, including information for students with English as a second language.

·         You may wish to submit a draft to Studiosity.

·         Submit at least one draft before the due date to review your Turnitin Similarity Score before making a final submission. Instructions are available here.

Academic Integrity
1.    You must abide by the principles of academic integrity (see Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure). Completion of this assessment with another party or sharing of responses is not permitted at any time.

2.    The use of any generative artificial intelligence is permitted as per Level 2 (AI planning) and Level 3 (AI Collaboration) AI Assessment scale tool indicators:

a.    Gen AI content is used to generate ideas and general structures.

b.    Gen AI content editing.

c.    Checking spelling and grammar.

d.    CQUniversity’s Gen AI tools approved for use in this assessment are Microsoft Copilot (protected version), Studiosity and Grammarly.

3.    Any use of Gen AI software:

a.    Must be cited in the relevant sections.

b.    Must be referenced as per APA 7th guidelines.

c.    You must complete the declaration of Gen AI use on the title page of your assessment.

Submission
Submit your assessment via the unit Moodle site in Microsoft Word format only.

Late penalties of 5% per day of the available mark may be applied as per the Assessment Policy and Procedure (Higher Education Coursework). The 72-hour grace period applies to this assessment.

Contact TaSAC if you experience technical issues submitting your assessment:

·         Phone toll-free 1300 666 620

·         Email tasac@cqu.edu.au

Marking Criteria
Refer to the marking rubric on the unit Moodle site for more details on how marks will be assigned. Assessment re-attempt is not available for this assessment task.

Minimum Pass Criteria
·         You must achieve a cumulative grade of at least 49.5% across all assessments to pass this unit.

·         In the event you are eligible for a supplementary assessment, all assessment tasks must be reasonably attempted in this unit.

Please refer to the unit Moodle site for the assessment criteria.

The aim of this assessment is for you to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the role of the World Health Organization on the delivery of primary health care in Australia, the role of the primary health care nurse, the importance of immunisation and the relationship between social determinants of health and health outcomes.

Instructions 

·         You will be completing an online quiz.

·         Quiz questions are drawn from a bank and will be randomised.

·         The Quiz will assess your knowledge and understanding of the materials covered in Weeks 1–11. 

·         Access the quiz via the Assessment tile portal on the unit Moodle site. The online quiz consists of a combination of 30 multiple-choice and short-answer questions. Each question is worth one (1) mark.

·         This is an open-book quiz. You can refer to your learning materials at any time during your attempt. However, students should be familiar with the content as time limits apply.

·         You have a maximum of 45 minutes to complete the online quiz. 

·         You must complete the quiz in one attempt. 

·         The quiz will automatically close at the end of the allocated time, and will submit your result even if you have not finished.

·         You have a maximum of one (1) attempt for the online quiz.

·         Once you have commenced your quiz, you cannot log out. Please do not refresh or reload your screen, as this may close your quiz and record your result.

·         If you have any technical issues, let the unit coordinators know immediately. You are required to take a screenshot or photo of the issue and email it to the unit coordinators as soon as possible. We will assist you with resolving the issue or refer you to TaSAC for further assistance (toll-free phone number 1300 666 620).

Requirements 

You will need:

·         Computer access with a reliable Internet connection.

·         Your Moodle login and password details.

·         Relevant unit learning materials are available to access during the quiz.

Academic Integrity
·         You must abide by the principles of academic integrity (see Student Academic Integrity Policy and Procedure). Completion of this assessment with another party or sharing of responses is not permitted at any time.

·         The use of any generative artificial intelligence is not permitted as per Level 1 (No AI) in the AI Assessment scale tool indicators.

Submission 

·         You will complete this quiz online. 

·         Click save after each question. 

·         Click submit at the end of the quiz, and your answers will be automatically submitted.

Marking Criteria
·         Results will be available immediately after the attempt is complete. 

·         Assessment re-attempt is not available for this Assessment task.

Minimum Pass Criteria
·         You must achieve a cumulative grade of at least 49.5% across all assessments to pass this unit.

·         In the event you are eligible for a supplementary assessment, all assessment tasks must be reasonably attempted in this unit.

Online quiz